Dieron a conocer las acciones que pueden ser desarrolladas para recuperar zonas que proveen de agua a la comunidad. Están enfocadas en mejorar las políticas públicas.
Para que en una zona exista agua suficiente y de calidad, la presencia de bosque nativo es fundamental. Durante diez años el investigador del Instituto Forestal (Infor), Christian Little, junto con expertos de la Universidad Austral de Chile, se han dedicado a estudiar esta relación. Y uno de sus últimos trabajos se centra en presentar propuestas para la restauración de este tipo de bosque, con el objetivo de recuperar la provisión de agua en las cuencas forestales.
Generaron recomendaciones específicas para distintos tipos de cuencas y se enfocaron en las necesidades de aquellas que se ubican entre las regiones del Maule y Los Ríos, macrozona de bosques valdivianos catalogado como hotspot de conservación de la biodiversidad. Entre sus principales conclusiones indicaron que, además de todas las acciones que se puedan desarrollar relacionadas con esfuerzos ambientales o económicos, es fundamental involucrar a las comunidades. Little expresó que “para lograr una efectiva restauración a gran escala es necesario incorporar el componente social, trabajar con las organizaciones de base de los territorios y lograr que ellos tomen este tema como algo necesario y propio, no solo como un tema que siempre esté liderado por instituciones del Estado o las universidades”.
La investigación
Para desarrollar la investigación, los científicos se acercaron hasta los sectores desde los que se captura el agua para consumo. Tras encontrarlos, delimitaron el área que influye en su provisión. Para esto usaron bases de datos de empresas forestales, la Dirección de Obras Hidráulicas, la Dirección General de Aguas y las municipalidades. De mil 200 puntos detectados, primero se centraron en 120, donde estudiaron la oferta -cuánta agua se produce- y la demanda de agua, cuántas personas la consumen o la necesitan. Tras analizar las variables, seleccionaron 12 cuencas, tres de cada región. A ellas las nombraron “áreas prioritarias tipo”, ya que representan la realidad de grupos de cuencas de la zona y las acciones que se recomienda realizar en ellas pueden ser replicadas. Estudiaron con detalle la composición del bosque, la regeneración, qué tipo de especies hay, el uso de suelo y entrevistaron a los socios de los comités de agua potable rural.
En Los Ríos las cuencas estudiadas fueron La Aguada, en Corral; Punucapa, en Valdivia y Chapuco, en Paillaco. Estos tres sectores tienen aspectos en común, por ejemplo, en cuanto a las amenazas, todas ellas tienen cortas ilegales de bosque nativo, presión de uso por ganadería, regeneración natural de especies invasoras; además de uso público no regulado. También hay parcelaciones no planificadas,lo que es peligroso porque el líquido de los pozos sépticos puede contaminar las aguas usadas para el consumo humano.
Para estas zonas se entregaron propuestas de manejo. Por ejemplo, qué se puede plantar, cuánto y dónde, o si es necesario reconvertir usos de suelo; también recomendaron acciones sociales, como los acuerdos que se pueden realizar con los propietarios de los predios para evitar el paso del ganado, los estudios que se puede desarrollar para incrementar el aprendizaje en la comunidad, además de los monitoreos.
El proyecto fue financiado por el Fondo de Investigación del Bosque Nativo, administrado por la Corporación Nacional Forestal, Conaf.
Políticas públicas
Estas propuestas fueron entregadas al Fondo de Investigación de la Ley de Bosque Nativo para hacer mejoras en las políticas públicas. Little destacó que “la política pública forestal tiene dos instrumentos, el Decreto Ley 701 y la Ley de Bosque Nativo. Nosotros entregamos los informes para que se incorporen nuevos conceptos y se generen modificaciones en la tabla de valores asociados a los instrumentos de fomento, por ejemplo, identificando qué es una acción de restauración y valorizándolo”. Además, incorporaron posibles modificaciones legislativas, como incluir el servicio ecosistémico “provisión de agua” como un objetivo explícito en la Ley de Bosque Nativo; también incorporar una definición adecuada para el concepto “restauración ecológica”. “Hay que adecuar la legislación a los avances científicos y tecnológicos”, dijo.
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