¿Eliminar o no eliminar los eucaliptus en Valparaíso?

Por Carlos Zamorano-Elgueta
Ingeniero forestal, investigador postdoctoral Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Universidad Austral de Chile. Socio de la Agrupación de Ingenieros Forestales por el Bosque Nativo.

Columna Publicada en El Ciudadano

El problema no depende de una u otra especie forestal, sino más el modo en que éstas son establecidas, manejadas y cosechadas. La Cordillera de la Costa de la zona centro sur ha dejado de ser un paisaje biodiverso para dar paso a monocultivos de especies forestales exóticas, propiedad casi exclusivamente de tres empresas forestales. Ello tiene impactos sociales, ambientales y económicos ampliamente evaluados, documentados y demostrados

 

La tragedia de Valparaíso ha vuelto a poner de manifiesto la urgente necesidad de una planificación territorial adecuada que permita impedir o al menos mitigar la ocurrencia de este tipo de catástrofes. A los dramas humanos tenemos que agregar el drama ambiental, el cual es consecuencia y a la vez origen de este tipo de eventos debido al continuo abuso y desorden en la gestión del paisaje y de los recursos naturales.

Una gestión territorial adecuada implica un trabajo de largo plazo, lejos de las cámaras y ajeno aDSC_6222 la coyuntura política. En este contexto, especial relevancia ha tenido la propuesta del alcalde de Valparaíso de erradicar los monocultivos de especies forestales exóticas de la Cordillera de la Costa, en sectores cercanos a la ciudad. Si bien esta medida es sólo una de muchas, es un tema delicado por cuanto toca los intereses de la poderosa industria forestal. El problema no depende de una u otra especie forestal, sino más el modo en que éstas son establecidas, manejadas y cosechadas. La Cordillera de la Costa de la zona centro sur ha dejado de ser un paisaje biodiverso para dar paso a monocultivos de especies forestales exóticas, propiedad casi exclusivamente de tres empresas forestales. Ello tiene impactos sociales, ambientales y económicos ampliamente evaluados, documentados y demostrados (bibliografía científica y técnica disponible en la web).

Sobre el problema de los incendios forestales, cada vez más comunes e intensos como los ocurridos en Valparaíso, la raíz de éstos no se puede atribuir a un único factor. Sin duda alguna que una superficie forestal monoespecífica (compuesta por una única especie) facilita la propagación e intensidad de un incendio. Esto será más usual en el actual escenario de megasequía y aumento de temperaturas. Y si a ello se agrega un crecimiento urbano irregular y la acumulación de basura a través de vertederos ilegales, el resultado está a la vista.

 Por cierto los bosques nativos también son afectados por incendios a gran escala. Sin embargo, la velocidad e intensidad de propagación es distinta porque este tipo de bosques está compuesto por especies de distinta edad y características fisiológicas.

En resumen, una medida fundamental para controlar de manera más eficiente tragedias como las de Valparaíso es una planificación territorial adecuada, que no obedezca a intereses determinados sino que a las características, necesidades y demandas sociales, ambientales y económicas locales. Es fundamental identificar prioridades territoriales en estos tres ejes para un uso más eficiente de los recursos disponibles y que permita en el mediano plazo evitar que se repitan estas tragedias. Existen las herramientas y el conocimiento para ello. En este contexto, la erradicación de superficies extensas de monocultivos forestales representa una medida que puede parecer extrema, pero que sistemáticamente en los últimos años ha sido ya propuesta en el marco de un nuevo modelo forestal para el país. Ello implica poner fin a estos paisajes homogéneos (que cubren en la actualidad más de 2.5 millones de hectáreas, concentradas en la Cordillera de la Costa), con plantaciones manejadas intensivamente y cuya cosecha implica la exposición de los suelos por varios años, al menos hasta que las nuevas plantas desarrollen una estructura de raíces y de copas que permita, en parte, evitar su erosión.

Fomentar la diversidad por sobre la homogeneidad debiese ser nuestro principal objetivo. Parece lógica, pero en estos tiempos incluso lo obvio parece ser una medida extrema.

Foto: Enrique Cruz, Restauración Ecológica con de Plantaciones de Eucaliptus en la Reserva Costera Valdiviana.

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