Entre 1999 y 2015, el país perdió bosques, recursos costeros, biodiversidad y agua, tendencia que continuaría en el futuro.
El territorio chileno sigue siendo el mismo, pero cada vez hay menos en él. Es la conclusión que se desprende del Informe País Estado del Medio Ambiente 1999-2015, preparado por el Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas del Instituto de Asuntos Públicos (Inap) de la U. de Chile, que se presenta hoy. El trabajo, una recopilación de estadísticas sobre aire, aguas continentales, bosque nativo, suelos, ecosistemas marinos y borde costero, asentamientos humanos y energía, da cuenta de la pérdida generalizada en todo el país.
“La principal conclusión es que el país se achica. En términos de bienes de la naturaleza, tenemos menos país que antes y hay que tomar conciencia”, dice Nicolo Gligo, director del centro de análisis y autor principal del informe, el sexto que se realiza desde 1999.
“Se han hecho muchas cosas, pero no ha sido suficiente. Siempre son esfuerzos parciales, limitados, porque las decisiones fundamentales muchas veces se toman en otros sectores de la economía, en agricultura, minería, obras públicas”, señala el investigador.
¿Qué tanto se puede recuperar? La pérdida por el cambio de uso de suelo hoy es irrecuperable, dice Gligo. “Siendo realistas, es posible tratar de impedir que siga avanzando la erosión en hectáreas que tienen erosión moderada, pero esas 5 millones de hectáreas que ya pasaron a erosión severa y muy severa, no tienen ninguna posibilidad”.
Tampoco son recuperables las especies extintas y aunque se puede hacer un esfuerzo por rescatar a las que están en peligro, muchas más van a desaparecer, señala. En cuanto al bosque nativo -que se pierde a una tasa de 17 mil ha por año- sería posible frenar el problema, prohibiendo el reemplazo por plantaciones.
Donde sí podría revertirse la pérdida es en los ecosistemas marinos. “El colapso de pesquerías se puede revertir, con la aplicación de leyes y mejor fiscalización. Un manejo de especies colapsadas o sobreexplotadas, que son los más afectos a una recuperación”, dice.
“Este informe ayuda a tener información en el tiempo, a analizar las tendencias y eso es fundamental para crear conciencia de que estamos muy mal”, dice Gligo. Información que debería considerarse para tomar decisiones y formular políticas concretas. “No sacamos nada con plantear políticas y estrategias, estamos llenos de esas desde hace 50 u 80 años, y se concretan muy poco. También estamos llenos de leyes que no se aplican, que dicen que hay que fiscalizar, pero no hay recursos. Hagamos leyes eficientes, en la medida que se necesita fiscalizar tenemos que dar los recursos, implementar bien la Superintendencia, crear el Servicio de Biodiversidad y Áreas Protegidas, sacarlo de Conaf. No se ha hecho y hay que hacerlo con urgencia”, enfatiza.
Se perdieron 237 mil hectáreas en 14 años
Sin considerar la pérdida por incendios -que ha aumentado en los últimos años-, sólo por el cambio de uso de suelo, destrucción y degradación del bosque nativo se produjo una merma de 237 mil hectáreas entre 1999 y 2013. Sólo por cambio de uso de suelo se pierden 16 mil ha al año, que se convierten en plantaciones forestales, matorrales y terreno agrícola.
En las últimas dos temporadas (2013-14 y 2014-15) los incendios forestales destruyeron más de 200 mil ha, cifra sin precedentes en 40 años.
“El balance es muy negativo, porque no se ha podido frenar la destrucción de bosque nativo”, dice Antonio Lara, Presidente de Fundación FORECOSS, investigador de la U. Austral y el Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), uno de los autores del informe. Lo que repercute en la reducción de servicios ecosistémicos, como la provisión de agua.
Destaca la Ley de Bosque Nativo, que no existía en 1999, la entrega de incentivos a su manejo y el fondo de investigación para el área, pero critica el cambio de metodología de la Conaf, que provocó que para registros oficiales la superficie de bosque aparezca en ascenso, aunque estudios independientes dicen lo contrario.
Fuente: La Tercera
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