“El logro de los objetivos del nuevo DL 701 requiere poner el énfasis en las especies nativas”

El día lunes 6 de mayo, el profesor Titular de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Austral de Chile y Presidente de la Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Antonio Lara, realizó una presentación ante la Comisión de Agricultura del Senado. El Dr. Lara hizo una serie de recomendaciones a incorporar al proyecto de DL 701 que actualmente se encuentra en discusión. El Dr. Lara expuso como invitado en una sesión especial de la Comisión de Agricultura del Senado cuyo Presidente es el Senador Hernán Larraín

El D.L. Nº 701 de 1974, modificado en 1995 ha promovido la expansión de las plantaciones de la pino y eucalipto que hoy cubren más de 2,5 millones de ha en nuestro país, lo que ha permitido el desarrollo de la industria forestal, pero también ha significado importantes impactos ambientales. Entre estos impactos destaca la disminución de servicios ecosistémicos indispensables para el bienestar de la sociedad, tales como la provisión de agua en cantidad y calidad, belleza escénica, oportunidades de recreación y turismo y conservación de la biodiversidad.

El Dr. Antonio Lara, con una amplia experiencia de investigación del bosque nativo y servicios ecosistémicos, destaca la oportunidad que ofrece el proyecto de ley del DL 701 para la restauración de ecosistemas forestales a partir de la plantación con especies nativas.

“La investigación que venimos realizando en FORECOS desde el año 2002 muestra claramente un aumento de los caudales y la calidad del agua en las cuencas cubiertas por bosque nativo. Nuestros estudios en diferentes cuencas muestran que por cada 10% que aumenta la cobertura de los bosques nativos, los caudales de verano aumentan en un 14%. Lo contrario ocurre al expandir en un 10% las plantaciones de pino y eucaliptos en las cuencas en que dichos caudales disminuyen un 20%. Otros estudios realizados en Chile y en diversos países demuestran también el efecto negativo de las plantaciones de pino y eucaliptos sobre los caudales”, presentó Lara.

La importancia se centra principalmente en verano, Antonio Lara destacó que “es cuando la disponibilidad de agua para diversos usos es más crítica, problema que se ve agravado por la tendencia climática de reducción de precipitaciones observada en el último siglo en el centro y Sur de nuestro país. Además, las predicciones futuras efectuadas con modelos climáticos muestran que esta tendencia se mantendrá en el siglo XXI”.

El Proyecto de ley en Discusión presenta una serie de artículos que dan la oportunidad de mejorar el uso del paisaje para una producción combinada de madera proveniente de las plantaciones y de diversos servicios ecosistémicos que proveen los bosques nativos. El Artículo 1 del actual proyecto señala como objetivo regular el sector y la actividad forestal, así como incentivar la forestación en suelos degradados o sin bosques. “Este artículo da la base para fortalecer aspectos clave como son los anchos de las fajas de protección de bosque nativo en torno a los cursos de agua, tamaño máximo de las talas rasas de plantaciones, pendientes máximas de terrenos donde establecer plantaciones productivas, y otros que no están suficientemente desarrollados, indicó el Presidente de Forecos”.

Por otra parte, el proyecto de ley incorpora entre sus objetivos incentivar el establecimiento de plantaciones para la recuperación de suelos, contribuir al ciclo hidrológico, al desarrollo sustentable y a la superación de la pobreza rural. También incluye la definición de servicios ambientales (servicios ecosistémicos) y como las plantaciones pueden ayudar a mantenerlos o incrementarlos. Entre estos servicios el proyecto considera mejorar la disponibilidad y o calidad de los recursos hídricos, la mantención del abastecimiento de agua para las localidades urbanas y rurales, la mantención de la biodiversidad, valor estético y cultural del paisaje y la recreación.

“La investigación realizada por FORECOS y por otros grupos en Chile financiada principalmente por el Estado y la efectuada en otros países han demostrado, sin lugar a dudas, que los servicios ecosistémicos que se busca incrementar en esta ley se logra con los bosques nativos o mediante plantaciones de especies nativas que busquen restaurar estos bosques. Por el contrario los estudios muestran que las plantaciones de pino y eucaliptos impactan negativamente servicios tales como la provisión de agua y conservación de biodiversidad”, expuso el Dr. Lara.

Hasta ahora el DL 701 ha promovido la plantación de pino y eucaliptus para la producción de celulosa y madera, con muy poca participación de las especies nativas. Por ejemplo en 2011 las plantaciones de especies nativas acogidas al DL 701 fueron sólo 400 ha de más de 20.000 totales, lo que representa un 2%.

El Dr. Lara indicó que “lo anterior deja claro que tiene que haber un cambio sustancial en esta nueva etapa del DL 701. No basta con una mera continuidad y es necesario innovar. La ley debe priorizar los objetivos de conservación y restauración mediante plantaciones de especies nativas para la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Ello debiera primar por sobre el fomento de una actividad forestal productiva basada en plantaciones de pino y eucaliptos, la cual está consolidada y ha sido bonificada por 39 años”.

Según expuso el Dr. Lara, “un aspecto clave para modificar la tendencia histórica es fijar en la ley un monto o porcentaje mínimo de los recursos destinados anualmente a bonificaciones a la forestación con especies nativas para cumplir los objetivos de conservación y servicios ecosistémicos que plantea la ley”.

También indicó la necesidad de considerar que las bonificaciones a la forestación con especies nativas se ajusten a los costos reales, para que la nueva ley incentive realmente la restauración del bosque nativo, modificando la tendencia histórica. Finalmente recomendó asegurar el acceso de los pequeños y medianos propietarios a estas bonificaciones y a sus beneficios finales a fin de promover el desarrollo rural a través del aumento de la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, abriendo la posibilidad de ingresos a los propietarios a través del Pago por Servicios Ambientales, los que serían adicionales a las bonificaciones.

 

Antonio Lara

Profesor Titular Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global

Instituto de Silvicultura

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales

Universidad Austral de Chile

Casilla 567, Valdivia, CHILE

Teléfono: (56-63) 226302 o 221566

www.dendrocronologia.cl

 

Fotografìa de:
Héctor Andrade – Fotógrafo Relaciones Públicas UACh Email: handrade@uach.cl

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